Art History from the Orientalizaing period to the Hellenistic Essay

Art History from the Orientalizaing period to the Hellenistic - Essay Example Nonetheless, the Greek sculptures were presented in nude form. The male sculptures created in this age illustrated no stress on the anatomy of the bone and muscle. This was clearly obvious by the lack of details around the joints, in the knees and also in the arms. Another central trait of the early Greek sculpture was the lack of movement natural stance in the figure. A perfect case in point of an Orientalizing period sculpture is the Kouros, one of the earliest life-size statuary in Greek art history (Palagia 109-111). Unlike contemporary sculptures, the slim waste of the Kouros and its pointed arch of its rib cage create a ridge that takes the form of a v shape. The Kouros does not portray the moving flesh linked with the human body muscle. Similar to other early Greek sculptures, the artwork has almost no motion depiction since the figures are usually standing straight and still. As time passed, the Greeks began to attain more skills and improved techniques permitting them to represent the human body in a better way. On the classical period era arrival, Greek sculptors now had the ability to make the figures more naturalistic. The nude male sculptures were now portrayed in a variety of diverse poses. In the classical period, sculptors devoted a significant part of their focus to exploiting the decorative potentialities of the wind-blown style of interpreting drapery. The Parthenon pediments sculptors had developed this drapery. The two most frequently used materials during the classical period were marble and bronze. However, various grandiose works mostly cult statues were ordered in a method that was known as chryselephantine. The flesh was overlaid with ivory upon a wooden frame and the drapery with gold. It was during this era that artists became acknowledged for their works (Green 6). For instance, Polyclitus, one of the most Greek sculpture influential theorists argued that a figure should possess ideal proportions. He also

Private Detectives and the Present Legal System Essay

Private Detectives and the Present Legal System - Essay Example Sam Spade and Sherlock Holmes, the main detective characters in The Maltese Falcon and A Study in Scarlet respectively, are strangers in the formal legal system, but proved to be successful in solving the puzzles behind mysterious cases that they were assigned. Aside from their status as private citizens acting as detectives, their keen eyes for details and a healthy dose of skepticism proved to be a perfect mix in their ability to solve cases. Sam Spade, a detective who is known for his scornful derision and passion for his work, had solved a mystery case regarding the death of his comrade, Archer and an initial target of their mission, an Englishman named Thursby. Thursby’s and Archer’s deaths remained a mystery even for Spade himself because he did not fully know Miss Wonderly, the woman who hired his and Archer’s services using a faked story. At the course of the novel, the mystery was revealed when Wonderly, whose real name is Brigid O’Shaughnessy, killed Thursby herself. Initially, Spade was suspected as the culprit of Thursby’s death according to law enforcers. He calmly denied, but not vehemently, and continued to engage in undercover activities himself in order to solve the puzzle. It is in this case that being an outside agent from the formal legal system can assure a success in solving crimes because one no longer has to go through a strict organizational policies and protocols. Spade did some meet-ups with the people involved in the crime, and monetary amounts are not always questioned in terms of its moral value and appropriateness under the laws in a legal system (Hammett). Sherlock Holmes also proves to be successful in his job being a consulting detective.

The State of Occupational Injury Management in Our Organization Essay Example for Free

The State of Occupational Injury Management in Our Organization Essay

Economies of Scale Economies of Scope in long run

Economies of Scale Economies of Scope in long run Paridhi Gupta Introduction Economies all about cost effectiveness. The term Scale is all about the benefits gained by the production of large volume of a product. The term scope is linked to the benefits gained by producing a wide variety of products by efficiently utilizing to same operations. What are Economies of Scale? The term economies of scale refers to a situation where the cost of producing one unit of a good or service decreases as the volume of production increases. Economies of scale arise when the cost per unit falls as output increases. Economies of scale are the main advantage of increasing the scale of production. Examples:- Table 1 Assume each unit of capital = Rs.5, Land = Rs.8 and Labour = Rs.2 Calculate TC and then AC for the two different ‘scales’ (‘sizes’) of production facility AC = TC / Q TABLE 2 Doubling the scale of production (a rise of 100%) has led to an increase in output of 200% therefore cost of production PER UNIT has fallen Don’t get confused between Total Cost and Average Cost Overall ‘costs’ will rise but unit costs can fall Classification of Economies of Scale: Marshall made a differentiating concepts of internal and external economies of scale. That is that when costs of input factors of production go down, it is a positive externality for all the firms in the market place, outside the control of any of the firms. Internal Economies of Scale Internal economies of scale relate to the lower unit costs a single firm can obtain by growing in size itself. This means that the internal economies are exclusively available to the expanding firm. Internal economies of scale may be classified under the following categories. Bulk- buying economies As businesses grow they need to order larger quantities of production inputs. For example, they will more raw materials. As the order value increases, a business obtains more bargaining power with suppliers. It may be able to obtain discounts and lower prices for the raw materials. Technical economies Businesses with large-scale production can use more advanced machinery (or use existing machinery more efficiently). This may include using mass production techniques, which are a more efficient form of production. A larger firm can also afford to invest more in research and development. Financial economies Many small businesses find it hard to obtain finance and when they do obtain it, the cost of the finance is often quite high. This is because small businesses are perceived as being riskier than larger businesses that have developed a good track record. Larger firms therefore find it easier to find potential lenders and to raise money at lower interest rates. Marketing economies Economies in marketing arise from the large –scale purchase of raw materials and other material inputs and large scale selling of the firm’s own product. Every part of marketing has a cost – particularly promotional methods such as advertising and running a sales force. Many of these marketing costs are fixed costs and so as a business gets larger, it is able to spread the cost of marketing over a wider range of products and sales – cutting the average marketing cost per unit. Managerial economies As a firm grows, there is greater potential for managers to specialise in particular tasks (e.g. marketing, human resource management, finance). Specialist managers are likely to be more efficient as they possess a high level of expertise, experience and qualifications compared to one person in a smaller firm trying to perform all of these roles. External economies of scale External economies of scale occur when a firm benefits from lower unit costs as a result of the whole industry growing in size. External economies accrue to the expanding firms from advantages arising outside the firm e.g. in the input markets. The main types are: Transport and communication As an industry establishes itself and grows in a particular region, it is likely that the government will provide better transport and communication links to improve accessibility to the region. This will lower transport costs for firms in the area as journey times are reduced and also attract more potential customers. For example, an area of Scotland known as Silicon Glen has attracted many high-tech firms and as a result improved air and road links have been built in the region. Training and education becomes more focused on the industry Universities and colleges will offer more courses suitable for a career in the industry which has become dominant in a region or nationally. For example, there are many more IT courses at being offered at colleges as the whole IT industry in the UK has developed recently. This means firms can benefit from having a larger pool of appropriately skilled workers to recruit from. Other industries grow to support this industry A network of suppliers or support industries may grow in size and/or locate close to the main industry. This means a firm has a greater chance of finding a high quality yet affordable supplier close to their site. The long run average cost curve (LRAC) The long run average cost curve (LRAC) is known as the ‘envelope curve’ and is usually drawn on the assumption of their being an infinite number of plant sizes – hence its smooth appearance in the next diagram below. The points of tangency between LRAC and SRAC curves do not occur at the minimum points of the SRAC curves except at the point where the minimum efficient scale (MES) is achieved. If LRAC is falling when output is increasing then the firm is experiencing economies of scale. For example a doubling of factor inputs might lead to a more than doubling of output. Economies of scope Economies of scope is a term that refers to the reduction of per-unit costs through the production of a wider variety of goods or services. Many firms produce more than one product. Sometimes, a firm’s products are closely linkes to one another. An automobile company, for instance, produces automobiles and trucks, a chicken farm produces poultry and eggs. At other times, firms produce physically unrelated products. In both caes, however, a firm is likely to enjoy production or cost advantages when it produces two or more products. These advantages could result from the joint use of inputs or production facilities, joint marketing programs, or possibly the cost savings of a common administration. Example of Economies of Scope McDonalds can produce both hamburgers and French fries at a lower average cost than what it would cost two separate firms to produce the same goods. This is because McDonalds hamburgers and French fries share the use of food storage, preparation facilities, and so forth during production. Difference between economies of scale and economies of scope Mergers and Acquisitions Mergers are basically combining of two business entities under common ownership. Two companies legally become one. All assets and liabilities being merged out of existence become assets and liabilities of surviving company. Under acquisitions one firm buys the assets or shares of another. Acquired company becomes subsidiary of purchasing company. Different Types of Mergers A horizontal merger This kind of merger exists between two companies who compete in the same industry segment. A vertical merger Vertical merger is a kind in which two or more companies in the same industry but in different fields combine together in business. Co-generic mergers Co-generic merger is a kind in which two or more companies in association are some way or the other related to the production processes, business markets, or basic required technologies. Conglomerate Mergers Conglomerate merger is a kind of venture in which two or more companies belonging to different industrial sectors combine their operations Different Types of acquisitions Friendly acquisition Both the companies approve of the acquisition under friendly terms. Reverse acquisition A private company takes over a public company. Back flip acquisition- A very rare case of acquisition in which, the purchasing company becomes a subsidiary of the purchased company. Hostile acquisition Here, as the name suggests, the entire process is done by force. Motives for Mergers Acquisitions Economies of large scale business large scale business organization enjoys both internal and external economies. Elimination of competition It eliminates severe, intense and wasteful expenditure by different competing organizations. Desire to enjoy monopoly power MA leads to monopolistic control in the market. Adoption of modern technology corporate organization requires large resources Lack of technical and managerial talent Industrialization, scarcity of entrepreneurial, managerial and technical talent Creation of Synergies The financial benefit that two companies may derive from a merger or acquisition is called synergy. The synergistic effect may also refer to the cost reduction a merger brings about by eliminating or streamlining redundant processes. Different types of Synergies enjoyed through MA Management Synergy Management synergy refers that the companies use its extensive and efficient management resources through new permutations and combinations after MA to improve the existing management and finally increase the revenue. Operating Synergy Operating synergy refers to the improvement of production and operation efficiency of enterprises which caused by economies of scale and economy of scope after MA. Financial Synergy Financial synergy refers to the financial benefits generated by MA transaction. It is a net cash flow on benefits which are caused by tax laws, accounting standards and other provisions of the securities and exchange. Production Synergy Two companies that merge may be able to produce more revenue than either one could produce independently by combining the most efficient processes each brings to the merger. Risks Analysis of the Realization of Synergistic Effect The risks of the realization of synergistic effect refers to the uncertainty of the increment of corporation value and the performance of strategic MA. Such risks always exist throughout the whole process of synergistic effect realization. From the view of the root causes of the risks, such risks can be divided into internal risks and external risks Internal Risks Internal risks mainly refer to the synergistic effect of risks which is caused by MA transactions and integration. Synergistic effect of internal risks mainly includes financial risk integration risk anti-MA risk principal-agent risk asymmetric information risk 1) Financial risk. MA often requires large amounts of capital, how to raise funds in short term is very important. Companies can use cash, stock or debt financing for the MA. Either way, there are great risks. If companies use cash to complete the MA, there will have the following short-comings: first of all, a one-time large amount of cash outflow for MA will cause intense pressure on the production and management of the enterprise. Second, the trade size will be restricted by the ability to obtain cash and lead to the failure of a large-scale MA. Moreover, the merged side may not like cash payment, because they cannot get the new company’s equity, this situation will also lead to MA risks. 2) Integration risk. According to a survey on the failure of MA, about 80% of MA failures are caused by enterprise integration failures. The MA integration risk is manifested mainly in the following three aspects: first, production and technology cannot achieve the expected synergy after MA. For example, the MA side usually wants to implement diversification through MA so as to enter new areas, when the growth of the new areas are faced with obstacles, it often makes MA activities in trouble. Second, the integration of personnel, institution and culture after MA. If the enterprise cannot make effective integration according to the designed MA plan, this will lead to the conflict of personnel, institution and cultural be-tween new and old enterprises and resulting in internal friction. Third, the impact of MA on business relationships, such as the impact on customers and suppliers. MA might cause deterioration in external business relationship and lose some customers and suppliers, thus lead to the increa se of enterprise’s operating costs and reduction its profitability. 3) Anti-MA risk Under normal circumstances, the merged enterprise’s attitude of MA is uncooperative. Because the merged enterprises are usually inferior enterprises, they will find ways to stop MA. Such practices will greatly increase the MA risks. In addition, under the modern corporate governance structure, a successful MA must first be accepted by enterprise management, then adopted by the board of directors in the enterprise, at last obtain the consent of the large, small and medium-sized investors. 4) Principal-agent risk For pursuing business expansion, the senior executives with information superiority might ignore the interests of shareholders to meet the needs of their individual fame and fortune. The â€Å"out of control† risk of principal-agent relationship in MA decision is very dangerous. In a company, the relationship between its manager and corporate owners is principal-agent relationship. The company management might pursuit company expansion for their own interests to show their performance. They have information superiority and might agree on the unreasonable terms of the target company without considering its own financial and operating conditions. This conduct will increase the realization cost of synergy and reduced synergy benefits. 5) Asymmetric information risk In the market mechanism of incomplete competition, the problem of information asymmetry is quite general. During the course of strong company’s acquisition of target company, the target company’s executives might conceal the facts such as enterprise’s hidden losses of contingent liability and the true value of patents to achieve their private intentions. They might also collude with the agency or the insider of the strong enterprise to make false information so that the policy makers of the merging side might make wrong decisions. External Risks As synergistic effect is based on certain of development strategy and the formulation of such a development strategy is based on external environment, therefore, the changes in external environment not only affects the enterprise’s development strategy, but also cause the deviation from the expected synergies. The external risks of synergistic effect mainly include policy risk legal risk industrial risk. 1) Policy risk. Policy risk refers to the synergy risk which caused by the adjustment of national economic policies. The government develops special policies to protect the vested interests of government and â€Å"special groups† or uses administrative means to arbitrarily change its policy to destroy the normal order of market competition, such behavior would increase the risk of synergy. 2) Legal risk. Legal risk mainly lies in the following three aspects. The first is the provisions of anti-monopoly law. Most of western countries developed a series of anti-monopoly laws to safeguard fair competition. The second is the specific provisions of MA in the law. For instance, according to the correlated laws, if the acquirer holds 5% of a listed company’s shares, it must notice and suspend trading, for each 2% subsequent increment, it is necessary to repeat the process, if holding 30% of the shares, it must launch a comprehensive tender offer. This provision leads to great increase of the acquisition costs and MA risk. Thirdly, during the course of MA, as laws and regulations are incomplete, the conduct of company cannot be guided correctly, thus result in the increase of MA risk. 3) Industrial risk. Industry risk refers to the uncertainty of the industry prospects caused by the changes of country’s economic situation and industrial policy, which might influence the enterprise development strategy. In the process of MA decision-making, many enterprises sink into woeful situation because they are not familiar with the new industry they wish to enter or without a accurate grasp of the industry prospects. The â€Å"big diving† of e-commerce enterprises in the last two years are good examples. Conclusion Bibliography http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/essentials/economies_scale_scope.htm http://www.tutor2u.net/business/gcse/downloads/production_economies_of_scale.pdf www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=4385 Pindyck, Rubinfield, Mehta, MicroEconomics, 7th Edition, Pearson

High Cholesterol :: Health, Dementia, Alzheimers Disease

Evidence is increasing concerning an association among vascular risk factors in midlife with an increased risk of both Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia decades later (citation). Diverse studies have found total cholesterol measured in midlife to be a significant predictor of subsequent dementia (Whitmer et al., 2005), mild cognitive impairment (Kalmijn et al., 2000) or cognitive decline (Kivipelto et al., 2001). Total cholesterol on midlife was also associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in some studies (Kivipelto et al., 2001) and especially with concomitant hypertension (Beeri et al., 2009). Meanwhile, the exact mechanism of high blood cholesterol in dementia is not known, because cholesterol is not able to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (Bojanic et al., 2010). Beyond that, observational studies have yielded mix results for lipids levels and cerebrovascular disease risk (Bowman et al., 2003). Of interest, lipid abnormalities have been also implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic cerebrovascular disease (Demchuk et al., 1999; Goldstein, 2007). Stroke contributes to the development of cognitive disorders in nearly 20% of elderly patients (citation). Stroke related features such as multiple strokes, white matter lesions, left hemisphere infarct location, atrophy, and volume of infarcted tissue are associated with an increased risk of post-stroke dementia (Rasquin et al., 2004). Nevertheless, even though a decrease in cholesterol concentrations with statins can reduce the incidence of stroke in high-risk populations and in patients with a stroke or transient ischemic attack (Amarenco et al., 2006), serum cholesterol traditionally has been considered a poor predictor of total stroke risk (Ansell, 2000) and epidemiological evidence has failed to demonstrated a clear relationship between the risk of stroke and serum cholesterol levels (citation). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) refers to the transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early dementia (Petersen and Negash, 2008). MCI is defined as memory deficits with preservation of other cognitive and functional brain activities (Nestor et al., 2004). However, whether the MCI results from neuronal loss within circuit-specific pathways involved in learning and memory (Verkhratsky et al., 2004) and/or from cerebrovascular deregulation within these pathways (Iodecola et al., 2004) remain debatable. The aim of the current study was to determine whether a cognitive impairment associated with elevated plasma cholesterol levels over aging is related with structural pathology or white matter disease (vascular lesions?

Essay --

Resource Description Framework (RDF) RDF stands for Resource description framework. We can define RDF as â€Å"RDF is a model/standard with the help of which we can define resources on the web†. The common people don’t understand RDF. It is developed to understand and read by computer.RDF is a base for managing metadata. With the help of RDF, we can exchange information between applications, operating systems, and computers on the internet. We can define any information of different web pages with the help of RDF. History of RDF There are different forefathers of RDF. The first who defined RDF was MCF a project started by Ramanthan V.Guha at apple computer between 1995 and 1997.he left the apple computer and joins Netscape and start working with Tim Brey on MCF to employ XML to produce first version of RDF. In 1999, RDF was defined by W3C to create RDF Data model by using XML.In2004, work on RDF is continued and produces a group of related specification. The W3C continued to work on RDF data model defined in 1999 and continue to develop new and improved specifications.W3C arrange a workshop in 2010 to discuss with their members the changes and improvements in RDF. RDF Definitions Microsoft The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a language that is used to represent information about Web resources. RDF is intended for situations in which this information is processed by applications, rather than being displayed to users. RDF provides a common framework for expressing this information so that it can be exchanged between applications without loss of meaning. Since it is a common framework, application designers can take advantage of the availability of common RDF parsers and processing tools. The ability to exchange information betw... ...eloped under the auspices of the World Wide Consortium (W3C).A certain amount of metadata is already provided for Web site resources using the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). RDF Data Model We can represent RDF data model with the help of 3 types of object †¢ Resource †¢ Property †¢ Statement Resources A resource can be anything or object that can be represented by uniform resource identifier. Resources contain properties like attributes or characteristics. Resource may be a picture, document, or paragraph on the internet. Property Property is used to describe resources that contain a name, relation, attribute and character of any object. Property Value Is the value of a property. A property value can be a resource. Statement A statement is a collaboration of a resource, property and property value. Properties of different resources can be explained by statements.

Feminism of Poverty Essay

The feminism of poverty can be described as a movement in political, economic and social equality for women, and is closely related to Liberalism. Feminism sees discrimination as a distinction of unequal treatment from all social, political and economic access for women. Feminism of poverty reaches all women, Black, White, Asian or English. It has been around since the beginning of time. Women have taken the role of mother, maid, cook and lover. They did not have the right to vote, own property nor work. It was not until 1848, when women demanded the enfranchisement for the ballot (vote), became vociferous. In 1869 2when Black men were given the vote in the 15th Amendment, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton refused to endorse the amendment, because it did not give women the vote and to become equal to their counter parts. http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/suffrage/history.htm Even back then women were reduced to mere servants and those that did not have a family or husband lived in poverty both black and white. Women suffrage and poverty did not only exist here in the United States, these social political and economic inequalities were felt around the world; Such as in Great Britain, Europe, Finland and Africa, other third world countries also had social issues pertaining to poverty. Those most likely to live in poverty in the U.S. are women and children. This is referred to as the feminization of poverty; increasingly the poor included unwed mothers, separated and divorced mothers, serving as the head of households (Basirico, et al, 2010). It is Known that women are much more likely to be poor than men, and that the impact of fiscal policy on the distribution of income is the main reason that women in the U.S. are more likely to be poor than women in other countries www.questia.com/search/feminization-poverty In the United States, in many communities there are individuals who live in poverty and cannot take care of themselves and their children especially women. So they become homeless living in shelters, cars, cardboard boxes, live on the streets, sleep on park benches, doorways or in major cities they may sleep in subways, because they have no income to support themselves. For example women have become prostitutes and shoplifters in order to feed themselves and their family/families. Of the adult poor who do not, about forty percent work at jobs that pay so little that they fall below the poverty line and one-third of their children are poor also. Because they do not have viable jobs they cannot support their children or themselves, so they are still under the umbrella of the feminism of poverty. From 1951-2008 of the women who worked in the U.S. their pay gap was 64-71 cents for every dollar earned by men http://www.infoplease.com Women have fought for equal pay & rights since 1848, and as of 2009, 30 percent of women who are heads of families with no husband present have income below the poverty line. Demographics have shown that these individuals are the most likely group to be chronically poor. The U.S. Census, Labor and the Economics Statistics of the Department of commerce shows in a study that the trends and conditions of women( two to three tim es)are still lower than men and the feminism of poverty is still a growing concern today as of March 2011 (Basirico, et al, 2010). With these continued disparities we will continue to be faced with the Feminism of poverty, because society has turned a deaf ear on the issues of women and children, they look the other way when it comes to providing for those within their own country, but they are quick to jump on the band wagon in the plight for other countries. We as a society have our priorities mixed up; if we are rich the attitude is according to Newt Gingrich â€Å"I don’t care about the poor†. If we are middle class we have the mentality that I’m just surviving myself. And if we are already poor we have the tendency to share. The same can be said about the church every Sunday we go to church and take up a benevolence offering to help the poor and when they need help in most cases they are turned away. The church is supposed to help those in need through the giving of food, shelter, clothes and money. But we have become so modernized and have forgotten to obey God’s laws that we ha ve lost sight of the word give. From the many issues that involve the feminism of poverty the best theory that applies to this particular issue is the conflict theory a social theory that views conflict as inevitable and natural and as a significant cause of social change (Basirico, et al, 2012). The feminism of poverty relates to the two classes that Marx saw those who own the means of product (rich) and those who provide the labor (poor), in an economic system that supports inequality, the exploited eventually revolt. Women were submissive for so long that they began to demand equal rights just as their counter part and black’s had. They had a need to become their own person, but throughout history even though they made progress they still were under played, poor and were listed as most likely to remain that way as they are today. In the scope of feminism of poverty it can be said that society is ion a state of constant change. Male against female and workers against employer, those that have power, wealth and prestige will always be in conflict with others (poor) that do not. Because there are limited commodities and demand exceeds the supply, those that are in control of those desirable goods, services and resources will defend and protect their interest. Those who are poor and living in poverty especially (women & children) are a threat to the rich and middle class. So they are suppressed through the lack of jobs, education, money, welfare and healthcare. Women social status of wages disparities, ownership (men) and motherhood result from degradation and exploitation by men and eventually is/was a cause of the feminism of poverty. If our society (government) do not put in place laws that will protect, serve and help our women and children who live in poverty. Though more workforce programs, jobs, healthcare and education we will eventually become as other third world countries. If Canada can do this why can’t we the riches country in the world do so? Reference Basirico, L.A., Cashion, B.J. & Eshleman, J.R. (2012). Introduction to Sociology. (5th ed). Redding, CA http://www.infoplease.com/html http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/suffarge/history.htm www.questia.com/search/feminization-poverty